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Framework - An established structure that helps define the research question. Can address different disciplines and question types.
For example: PICO is the most common and well-known standard framework for medical and health systematic reviews.
Framework |
Discipline/Question Type |
|---|---|
| PICO (Richardson et al. 1995) Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome |
Clinical medicine |
| BeHEMoTh (Booth and Carroll 2015) Behavior of interest, Health context (service/policy/ intervention), Exclusions, Models or Theories |
Questions about theories |
| CHIP (Shaw 2010) Context How Issues Population |
Psychology, qualitative |
| CIMO (Denyer and Tranfield 2009) Context Intervention Mechanisms Outcomes |
Management, business, administration |
| CLIP (Wildridge and Bell 2002) Client group, Location of provided service, Improvement/Information/ Innovation Professionals |
Librarianship, management, policy |
| COPES (Gibbs 2003) Client-Oriented, Practical, Evidence, Search |
Social work, health care, nursing |
| ECLIPSE (Wildridge and Bell 2002) Expectation, Client, Location, Impact, Professionals, SErvice, |
Management, services, policy, social care |
| PEO (Kahn et al. 2003) Population, Exposure, Outcome |
Qualitative |
| PECODR (Dawes et al. 2007) Patient/population/problem, Exposure, Comparison, Outcome, Duration, Results |
Medicine |
| PESICO (Schlosser and O’Neil-Pirozzi 2007) Person Environments Stakeholders Intervention Comparison Outcome |
Augmentative and alternative communication |
| PICO specific to diagnostic tests (Kim et al. 2015) Patients/participants/population, Index tests, Comparator/reference tests, Outcome |
Clinical medicine |
| PICO+ (Bennett and Bennett 2000) Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, +context, patient values, and preferences |
Occupational therapy |
| PICOC (Petticrew & Roberts, 2006) Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Context |
Social sciences |
| PICOS (Moher et al. 2009) Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study type |
Medicine |
| PICOT (Richardson et al. 1995) Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time |
Education, health care |
| PIPOH (ADAPTE Collaboration 2009) Population, Intervention, Professionals, Outcomes, Health care setting/context |
Diagnostic questions |
| ProPheT (Booth et al. 2016) Problem, Phenomenon of interest, Time |
Screening |
| SPICE (Booth 2004) Setting, Perspective, Interest, Comparison, Evaluation |
Social sciences, qualitative, library science |
| SPIDER (Cooke et al. 2012) Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type |
Library and information sciences |
| WWH Who What How |
Health, qualitative research |
Adapted from Foster, M. J., & Jewell, S. T. (Eds.). (2017). Assembling the pieces of a systematic review : A guide for librarians.
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